{"id":2356,"date":"2015-02-19T12:20:33","date_gmt":"2015-02-19T18:20:33","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/psycholegalassessments.com\/?p=2356"},"modified":"2021-03-13T06:59:08","modified_gmt":"2021-03-13T12:59:08","slug":"miranda-waiver-and-adhd","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/psycholegalassessments.com\/miranda-waiver-and-adhd\/","title":{"rendered":"Miranda Waiver and ADHD"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-1871\" src=\"http:\/\/psycholegalassessments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/03\/PA-Logo-FINAL-4PRINT-12-300x96.jpg\" alt=\"Miranda Waiver - ADHD - Miranda Rights - Confessions\" width=\"230\" height=\"74\" srcset=\"https:\/\/psycholegalassessments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/03\/PA-Logo-FINAL-4PRINT-12-300x96.jpg 300w, https:\/\/psycholegalassessments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/03\/PA-Logo-FINAL-4PRINT-12-1024x329.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/psycholegalassessments.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/03\/PA-Logo-FINAL-4PRINT-12-610x200.jpg 610w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 230px) 100vw, 230px\" \/><div  class=\"x-author-box cf\" ><h6 class=\"h-about-the-author\">About the Author<\/h6><img alt='' src='https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/9f3a9b96dbf118bb8bcbb483396fe7fe?s=180&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g' srcset='https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/9f3a9b96dbf118bb8bcbb483396fe7fe?s=360&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-180 photo' height='180' width='180' \/><div class=\"x-author-info\"><h4 class=\"h-author mtn\">Steven Gaskell, Psy.D.<\/h4><a href=\"http:\/\/www.facebook.com\/psycholegalassessments\" class=\"x-author-social\" title=\"Visit the Facebook Profile for Steven Gaskell, Psy.D.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"\" ><i class=\"x-icon-facebook-square\" data-x-icon-b=\"&#xf09a;\"><\/i> Facebook<\/a><a href=\"DrGaskell\" class=\"x-author-social\" title=\"Visit the Twitter Profile for Steven Gaskell, Psy.D.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"\" ><i class=\"x-icon-twitter-square\" data-x-icon-b=\"&#xf081;\"><\/i> Twitter<\/a><p class=\"p-author mbn\"><\/p><\/div><\/div><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Dr. Steven Gaskell, forensic psychologist at Psycholegal Assessments, Inc. provides several types of forensic psychological evaluations to the courts, as well as expert witness testimony.&nbsp; Dr. Gaskell performs evaluations related to the issues of Miranda Rights and whether or not an individual waived their rights knowingly, intelligently, and without police coercion.&nbsp; This post focuses on the research regarding Miranda Rights Waivers and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Relevant Research Regarding Mental Impairment, Miranda Rights Waiver, and ADHD<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">An estimated 318,000 impaired defendants participate in police interrogations without a knowing waiver of their Miranda rights each year (<strong>Rogers, 2008<\/strong>).&nbsp; When the number of defendants lacking an intelligent waiver is added to this estimate, the number of defendants who are providing incriminating evidence to police without a valid waiver of their Miranda rights increases exponentially.&nbsp; Considering that a defendant\u2019s confession is likely the \u201csingle most influential factor\u201d in a subsequent guilty verdict at trial (<strong>Oberlander et al., 2003<\/strong>), Miranda-related competencies are arguably one of the most crucial pretrial issues.&nbsp; Specific deficits in reading and listening comprehension are particularly relevant to Miranda competency (<strong>Rogers &amp; Shuman, 2005<\/strong>) and individuals with ADHD typically show deficits in complex attention and verbal memory (<strong>Obolensky, 2006<\/strong>). &nbsp;&nbsp;However, the validity of Miranda waivers goes unexamined in nearly all confession cases (<strong>Fulero &amp; Everington, 1995<\/strong>).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Gudjonsson (2003)<\/strong> outlined the psychological vulnerabilities that should be taken into account in a comprehensive evaluation of Miranda waivers and subsequent confessions.&nbsp; His model highlighted four domains of functioning that could affect suspects\u2019 ability to provide a valid Miranda waiver and confession: (a) cognitive functioning, (b) mental disorders, (c) abnormal mental states, and (d) personality traits. <strong>Rogers, Harrison, Hazelwood, and Sewell (2007)<\/strong>, utilizing their own Miranda research scales, found that overall Axis I impairment played a significant role in both Miranda comprehension and reasoning ability.&nbsp; Mentally disordered defendants had widespread difficulties in understanding all but the simplest Miranda warnings, irrespective of their past experiences with the criminal justice system and averaging close to a high school education. Persons who suffer from ADHD, an Axis I impairment, are severely limited in their ability to register and process new information.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Research has indicated that Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) has been associated with substantive cognitive deficits and it is highly prevalent in persons involved in the criminal justice system.&nbsp; <strong>Eyestone and Howell (1994)<\/strong> reported that one-fourth of adult criminal defendants currently meet diagnostic criteria for ADHD.&nbsp; Research utilizing multiple neuropsychological assessment instruments with a range of populations have all concluded that ADHD is associated with a number of cognitive deficits in adults, such as difficulties with complex and sustained attention as well as verbal memory.&nbsp; Inattention remains a prominent clinical feature of ADHD in adults (<strong>Davidson, 2008<\/strong>).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Prior research with juvenile defendants (<strong>Viljoen &amp; Roesch, 2005<\/strong>) found that individuals with a high number of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) symptoms demonstrated poorer performance on measures of Miranda comprehension.&nbsp; ADHD symptoms were significantly associated with deficits on several Miranda scales.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Hazelwood (2009)<\/strong> was the first researcher to investigate deficits in Miranda comprehension and reasoning in adults with attention deficits and symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).&nbsp; The sample consisted of 118 detained adult offenders housed in a jail and the mean educational level was at a high school graduate level.&nbsp; Overall, the sample of offenders reported an average of approximately six ADHD symptoms, with inattention being more prevalent than impulsivity.&nbsp; Symptoms related to inattention were significantly correlated with poorer performance on measures of Miranda comprehension.&nbsp; It was found that defendants reporting severe ADHD symptomatology evidenced poorer comprehension of Miranda warnings and Miranda vocabulary than defendants reporting no or mild ADHD symptoms.&nbsp; This finding was especially true when the Miranda warning was administered orally rather than in a written format, which suggests that individuals suffering from ADHD symptomatology have more difficulty processing and comprehending orally-presented material and that warnings presented orally place higher cognitive demands on the individual than written warnings.&nbsp; This result was similar to prior research that found that recently arrested detainees failed to comprehend orally-presented warnings almost three times more frequently than those given their rights in a written format.&nbsp; These findings indicate that use of oral advisements strongly disadvantages suspects\u2019 ability to comprehend the basic concepts of Miranda warnings.<\/span><\/p>\n<div  class=\"x-entry-share\" ><p>Share this Post<\/p><div class=\"x-share-options\"><a href=\"#share\" data-x-element=\"extra\" data-x-params=\"{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;tooltip&quot;,&quot;trigger&quot;:&quot;hover&quot;,&quot;placement&quot;:&quot;bottom&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;content&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\" class=\"x-share\" title=\"Share on Facebook\" onclick=\"window.open('http:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fpsycholegalassessments.com%2Fwp-json%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fposts%2F2356&amp;t=Blog', 'popupFacebook', 'width=650, height=270, resizable=0, toolbar=0, menubar=0, status=0, location=0, scrollbars=0'); 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